A number of factors can trigger an increase in melanin production, but the main ones are sun exposure, hormonal influences, age and skin injuries or inflammation. Sun exposure is the number one cause of hyperpigmentation as it's sunlight that triggers the production of melanin in the first place.
What triggers hyperpigmentation? Triggers include sun exposure, hormonal changes, and trauma to the skin, for example, due to acne or an injury. Picking at scabs and spots may make it worse. Some face creams can irritate the skin, leading to further hyperpigmentation.
Lifestyle Habits and Skin Health: Bad habits like smoking, consuming a poor diet, and not bothering with a skincare routine might trigger skin darkening by contributing to factors like inflammation and oxidative skin stress.
Many things can cause discolored skin. Some of the most common are birthmarks, moles, infections, trauma or medical conditions.
Eating poorly and keeping an irregular sleep schedule can boost the production of stress hormones. This can damage your skin, resulting in inflammation and acne breakouts. If you're struggling to figure out why your skin keeps acting out unexpectedly, you may want to evaluate your diet and sleep patterns.
Many mucocutaneous findings, including hair and nail changes and hyperpigmentation, especially of the hands and feet, are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency [5].
Causes of hyperpigmentation include: Skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) Use of certain drugs (such as minocycline, certain cancer chemotherapies, and birth control pills) Hormone system diseases such as Addison disease.
Three common types of hyperpigmentation include: Sunspots, age spots, liver spots, or solar lentigines. These are different names for spots that develop because of one thing—sun exposure. Sunspots are most likely to pop up on areas that are commonly exposed to the sun, such as your face and hands.
Stress can trigger various types of hyperpigmentation, including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and melasma. PIH occurs when the skin produces excess melanin in response to inflammation or injury. Stress can increase inflammation in the body, leading to the development of PIH.
Your skin can develop darker patches as the result of excess melanin production, typically caused by skin inflammation, hormone fluctuations, and poor lifestyle choices.
As sun exposure worsens hyperpigmentation it is important to protect the skin with sunscreen on a daily basis. Treatment often begins with a skin care regimen composed of a daily sunscreen, moisturizers, and skin care brighteners.
Retinol benefits the skin in many ways – by stimulating cell turnover, renewing the skin, reducing sebum production and has even been proven to lighten some forms of pigmentation over time. This has resulted in retinol being increasingly touted as a solution for many skin conditions including hyperpigmentation.
“Treatments containing ingredients like vitamin C, licorice root, and kojic acid help reduce hyperpigmentation by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme responsible for the formation of skin-darkening melanin," says Ni'Kita Wilson, a cosmetic chemist in New York City.
The most frequent cause of hyperpigmentation is exposure to the sun, which heavily stimulates melanin production. A recent study (Figure 2) demonstrated how early sun exposure might worsen dark spots, by making them resemble melasma, post-inflammatory spots, and age spots [24].
What causes brown spots to suddenly appear on the skin? Brown spots can appear suddenly due to increased melanin pigment, often triggered by factors like sun exposure, changes in hormones, age, or skin conditions.
Skin darkening often stems from hormonal shifts. Pregnancy, birth control, and thyroid problems can disrupt the delicate balance. These changes may spur excess melanin production, the pigment responsible for skin colour.
The hyperpigmentation related to vitamin B12 deficiency is more common in darker-skinned patients. Few other cases of skin hyperpigmentation due to vitamin B12 deficiency have been reported in the literature. The mechanism of hyperpigmentation is due to increased melanin synthesis rather than a defect in melanin.
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
This type of skin lupus often produces scarring of the skin and hair loss that can be permanent. In addition, discoid lupus skin lesions often produce darkening and/or lightening of the skin color.
Hyperpigmentation is an early and reversible sign of vitamin B 12 deficiency, which must be promptly recognised and corrected. The cause of B12 deficiency must be identified and additionally treated.
Vitiligo occurs when pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) die or stop producing melanin — the pigment that gives your skin, hair and eyes color. The involved patches of skin become lighter or white. It's unclear exactly what causes these pigment cells to fail or die.
Excessive sugar intake and processed foods have been linked to an increase in dark spots and uneven skin tone. Poor diet choices can exacerbate hyperpigmentation and make skin more susceptible to sun damage.